Inventions Of The Early 19th Century Essays - Rubber, Telegraphy

Inventions of the Early 19th Century ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ FILE CONTAINED: INVENT.TXT ACTUAL TOPIC: Inventions of the early nineteenth century. AUTHOR AND RESEARCHER: Big Brother @ The Works (617) 861-8976 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This file was originally researched and typed by Big Brother. All material used in the file is original and unplagerized, so these files are SAFE to use AS-IS with no modifications other than specifics to cover the actual required topic for school. Because school can be a BITCH, these files have been prepared to aide you in your research, and are not intended to be actually turned in AS-IS, but many of you will turn them in since they are worry free files... don't fuck up your life, study and get good grades, then get a good job, make some money, marry someone you love, and live happily ever after... ...because, after all - Big Brother is Watching You! ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Big Brother's Guide to School The Dreaded Reports actual examples........... START OF FILE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ INVENTIONS OF THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY The art of inventing has been around since remedies have been needed and solutions have been required to make our lives easier and more enjoyable. From the time our forefathers colonized the shores of a new land, up till the time of the modern day super-conductor: people have created devices and made discoveries on our behalf to make life easier for everyone. Before the early nineteenth century communications were inadequate. The limitations of our hearing meant that distant events were known long after they had occurred. Systems of communication existed which were quicker then the speed of a messenger - smoke signals, fires lit on hills, signalling flags. But these methods could only be used for communicating in code with pre-established sayings rather than out-right communication. These methods also required certain meteorological or geographical conditions in order to function properly. In the nineteenth century conditions were present that made the need for new forms of communications indispensable. Industrial society needed a method of communicating information quickly, safely and accurately. Artist-inventor Samuel F.B. Morse holds credit for devising American's first commercially successful electromagnetic telegraph (patented in January 1836). The telegraph was a device used to electrically send signals over a wire for long distances allowing an established communication link to be made from one city to another. (And everything in-between.) The basic principle of the telegraph was the opening and closing of an electrical circuit supplied by a battery: the variations of the current in the electromagnet would attract or repel a small arm connected to a pencil which would trace zigzag signs onto a strip of paper running under the arm at a constant speed. This early plan didn't offer great practical possibilities, mainly because the batteries then available could not produce a current strong enough to push the signal great distances. As an artist and sculptor, Morse had the personal qualities to succeed as inventor of the telegraph: intelligence, persistence, and a willingness to learn. What he lacked was: knowledge of recent scientific developments, adequate funds, mechanical ability, and political influence. Like all successful inventors of the nineteenth century, Morse exploited his strengths and worked on his weaknesses. Morse used Professor Leonard D. Gale's suggestions of improving both his battery and electromagnet by following the suggestions of Joseph Henry. Together they incorporated Henry's suggestions and stepped up the distance they could send messages from fifty feet to ten miles. This invention, no less important than the telegraph itself, was the so- called relay system, widely used today for automatic controls and adjustments. Morse introduced a series of electromagnets along the line, each of which opened and shut the switch of a successive electric circuit, supplied by it's own battery. At the same time Morse improved the transmitting and receiving devices and perfected the well-know signalling system based on dots and dashes, which is still in use today. The first telegraph line, connecting Baltimore to New York, was inaugurated in 1844. Before this however, on May 24th, 1843 wires were strung between Washington and Baltimore where Morse sent the first message from the Supreme Court room in Washington to Alfred Vail, Morse's assistant who was in Baltimore at a railroad depot (41 miles away): "What hath God wrought?" On May 29th, 1844 word flashed by wire from the democratic convention in Baltimore that James K. Polk had been nominated for the Presidency. People were fascinated by the "Magic key" and it was decided that the telegraph would be used for now to report congressional doings. By 1848 every state east of the Mississippi except Florida was served be the

History of Abortion Controversy in the U.S.

History of Abortion Controversy in the U.S. In the United States, abortion laws began to appear in the 1820s, forbidding abortion after the fourth month of pregnancy.  Before that time, abortion was not illegal, though it was often unsafe for the woman whose pregnancy was being terminated. Through the efforts primarily of physicians, the American Medical Association, and legislators, as part of consolidating authority over medical procedures, and displacing midwives, most abortions in the US had been outlawed by 1900. Illegal abortions were still frequent after such laws were instituted, though abortions  became less frequent during the reign of the Comstock Law which essentially banned birth control information and devices as well as abortion. Some early feminists, like Susan B. Anthony, wrote against abortion. They opposed abortion which at the time was an unsafe medical procedure for women, endangering their health and life. These feminists believed that only the achievement of womens equality and freedom would end the need for abortion. (Elizabeth Cady Stanton wrote in The Revolution, But where shall it be found, at least begin, if not in the complete enfranchisement and elevation of woman? ) They wrote that prevention was more important than punishment, and blamed circumstances, laws and the men they believed drove women to abortions. (Matilda Joslyn Gage wrote in 1868, I hesitate not to assert that most of this crime of child murder, abortion, infanticide, lies at the door of the male sex...) Later feminists defended safe and effective birth control - when that became available - as another way to prevent abortion. Most of todays abortion rights organizations also state that safe and effective birth control, adequate sex education, available health care, and the ability to support children adequately are essentials to preventing the need for many abortions. By 1965, all fifty states banned abortion, with some exceptions which varied by state: to save the life of the mother, in cases of rape or incest, or if the fetus was deformed. Liberalization Efforts Groups like the National Abortion Rights Action League and the Clergy Consultation Service on Abortion worked to liberalize anti-abortion laws. After the thalidomide drug tragedy, revealed in 1962, where a drug prescribed to many pregnant women for morning sickness and as a sleeping pill caused serious birth defects, activism to make abortion easier escalated. Roe V. Wade The Supreme Court in 1973, in the case of Roe v. Wade, declared most existing state abortion laws unconstitutional. This decision ruled out any legislative interference in the first trimester of pregnancy and put limits on what restrictions could be passed on abortions in later stages of pregnancy. While many celebrated the decision, others, especially in the Roman Catholic Church and in theologically conservative Christian groups, opposed the change. Pro-life and pro-choice evolved as the most common self-chosen names of the two movements, one to outlaw most abortion and the other to eliminate most legislative restrictions on abortions. Early opposition to the lifting of abortion restrictions included such organizations as the Eagle Forum, led by Phyllis Schlafly. Today there are many national pro-life organizations which vary in their goals and strategies. Escalation of Anti-Abortion Conflict and Violence Opposition to abortions has increasingly turned physical and even violent, first in the organized blocking of access to clinics which provided abortion services, organized primarily by Operation Rescue, founded in 1984 and led by Randall Terry. On Christmas Day, 1984, three abortion clinics were bombed, and those convicted called the bombings a birthday gift for Jesus. Within the churches and other groups opposing abortion, the issue of clinic protests has become increasingly controversial, as many who oppose abortions move to separate themselves from those who propose violence as an acceptable solution. In the early part of the 2000-2010 decade, major conflict over abortion laws was over termination of late pregnancies, termed partial birth abortions by those who oppose them. Pro-choice advocates maintain that such abortions are to save the life or health of the mother or terminate pregnancies where the fetus cannot survive birth or cannot survive much after birth. Pro-life advocates maintain that the fetuses may be saved and that many of these abortions are done in cases that arent hopeless.  The Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act passed Congress in 2003 and was signed by President George W. Bush. The law was upheld in 2007 by the Supreme Court decision in  Gonzales v. Carhart. In 2004, President Bush signed the Unborn Victims of Violence Act, permitting a second charge of murder - covering the fetus - if a pregnant woman is killed.  The law specifically exempts mothers and doctors from being charged in any cases related to abortions. Dr. George R. Tiller, the medical director at a clinic in Kansas which was one of only three clinics in the country to perform late-term abortions, was assassinated in May 2009 at his church. The killer was sentenced in 2010 to the maximum sentence available in Kansas: life imprisonment, with no parole possible for 50 years. The murder raised questions about the role of repeatedly using strong language to denounce Tiller on talk shows.  The most prominent example cited was repeated description of Tiller as a Baby Killer by Fox News talk show host Bill OReilly, who later denied having used the term, despite video evidence, and described the criticism as having the real agenda of hating Fox News.  The clinic where Tiller worked closed permanently after his murder. More recently, abortion conflicts have been played out more often at the state level, with attempts to change the assumed and legal date of viability, to remove exemptions (such as rape or incest) from abortion bans, to require ultrasounds before any termination (including invasive vaginal procedures), or to increase the requirements for doctors and buildings performing abortions.  Such restrictions played a role in elections. At this writing, no child born before 21 weeks of pregnancy has survived more than a short period of time. Books About the Abortion Controversy There are some excellent legal, religious, and feminist books on abortion which explore the issues and the history  from  either the  pro-choice  or  pro-life  position. Listed here are books which outline the history by presenting both factual material (the text of actual court decisions, for instance) and position papers from a variety of perspectives, including both  pro-choice  and  pro-life. Articles of Faith: A Frontline History of the Abortion Wars: Cynthia Gorney. Trade Paperback, 2000.A history of the two sides and how their proponents developed deepening commitments during the years abortions were illegal and then after the  Roe v. Wade  decision.Abortion: The Clash of Absolutes: Laurence H. Tribe. Trade Paperback, 1992.Professor of Constitutional Law at Harvard, Tribe attempts to outline the difficult issues and why  legal  resolution is so difficult.Abortion Controversy: 25 Years After Roe vs. Wade, A Reader: Louis J. Pojman and Francis J. Beckwith. Trade Paperback, 1998.Abortion Dialogue: Pro-Choice, Pro-Life, American Law: Ruth Colker. Trade Paperback, 1992.

BUSINESS FOUNDATION-ORGANISATION AND THE ENVIROMENT Essay

BUSINESS FOUNDATION-ORGANISATION AND THE ENVIROMENT - Essay Example At present the company is operating in Manchester but the company is eyeing for being competitive in the world that is why they are having this LONGPEST analysis. The company can attract more customers thru its features and services. SMOSH Ltd. should be focusing in the global strategy to penetrate the market globally. Tax policy - As a limited liability partnership the company should register with HM Revenue and Custom as self-employed. The company must complete a partnership self assessment tax return every year. Each partner has to complete a self assessment tax return every year. Pay their own Class 2 and Class 4 National Insurance Contributions (NICs). Employment Laws – It is a policy if the staff or employee will be handling children it is a requirement that the employer should conduct a criminal investigation. It was stated in the company profile that the employee undergoes criminal investigation. The employee should be very well compensated depending on the days and time of their work. Workers should be at the right age and must be given at least one day break. The employees of SMOSH Ltd. Has play work qualification of experience, and first aid training. Environmental regulations –. SMOSH is environmentally aware, using sustainable resources where possible, providing healthy, organic, fair trade refreshment as much as is practicable and minimising paperwork by the use of e-mails and the website wherever they are able to do so. Economic factors - SMOSH Ltd. has several payment skills to increase the number of students participating in the after school and before school activities. However any late payment will be subjected to an additional percentage in the total amount paid. The SMOSH has an affordable services for both the after school and the before school activities. SMOSH Ltd. caters to children aged 3-11 providing child care (play schemes) before and after school. Since the